GOAT Network Brings BitVM3 into Practical Use, Pioneering Scalable Native ZK Verification on Bitcoin

Building on BitVM3’s RSA-encrypted Garbled Circuit scheme, GOAT Network introduces a novel Label Forward Propagation method that enables circuit homomorphism and sub-circuit reuse. This breakthrough achieves unlimited reusability of Garbled circuits, dramatically reducing the volume of off-chain data required for on-chain verification. It addresses two major bottlenecks in the original BitVM3 and Delbrag designs: the single-use constraint and the terabyte-scale data footprint, unlocking true scalability for native zero-knowledge computation on Bitcoin.

The proposed solution allows complex operations like Groth16 verification to be executed off-chain in encrypted form and verified on-chain through lightweight proofs—without requiring any non-standard transaction support on Bitcoin’s mainnet. Key optimizations include:

• 1,000x reduction in off-chain data size (from hundreds of gigabytes to just a few megabytes);
  
• Reusable garbled circuits with no pre-set usage limits;
  
• ZK proofs for label commitment consistency of inputs and outputs only, avoiding expensive full circuit proofs generation.
  

This architecture opens the door to practically verify applications’ zk-proof in the Bitcoin ecosystem—supporting secure BTCFi on-chain verification, while also laying the groundwork for advanced use cases like cross-chain proof validation and AI model attestations. It marks a pivotal leap forward in evolving Bitcoin computation from merely verifiable to truly scalable.

More details: https://www.goat.network/bitvm3-label-forward-propagation